Circuits, Currents, Kirchhoff, and Maxwell

Electricity flows in circuits that bring us power and information. The current flow is defined by the Maxwell equations are as exact universal any science. Maxwell-Ampere law defines source of magnetic field a current. In vacuum, like between stars, there no charges to carry displacement current, \(\varepsilon_0\ \partial\mathbf{E}/\partial t\). Inside matter, flux charge added This total obeys version Kirchhoff’s implied mathematics equations, therefore they are. Kirchhoff's laws provide useful coarse graining avoids calculating Coulombic interactions \({10}^{23}\) yet sufficient information design integrated our computers. exact, well grained because mathematical consequence without assumption or further physical content. series circuit, coupling makes exactly equal everywhere at time. just forces needed move atomic so currents for mechanism movement. Those movements couple processes biology, Kirchhoff an important part membrane transport enzyme function. For example, it helps enzymes cytochrome c oxidase ATP-synthase produce ATP, biological store chemical energy.